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Symphytum officinale wikipedia12/2/2023 ![]() The randomized, double-blind clinical trial included 278 patients (verum: n = 137) with fresh abrasions. Both inhibited shrinkage of the collagen matrix (van den Dungen et al., 1990 van den Dungen, 1993).Ī topically applied preparation containing 10% active ingredient from the aerial parts of comfrey ( Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman, Traumaplant®) was examined for its wound-healing effects ( Barna et al., 2007). Wound-healing effects have been tested in 40% ethanolic comfrey root extracts and its high molecular weight (MW) fraction (> 1000 kD) in a test model of fibroblasts in a collagen matrix. Antiinflammatory properties of a dry extract from comfrey root were also demonstrated in rats with induced paw oedema ( Shipochliev et al., 1981 Mascolo et al., 1987 Hiermann and Writzel, 1998). In a study of the influence of a 60% ethanolic comfrey root extract on different elements of the human immune system, the extract was found to exert dose-dependent anticomplementary effects on the complement activation (van den Dungen, 1993). An orally administered aqueous comfrey root extract inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema ( Hiermann and Writzel, 1998). In rat stomach preparations, a glycopeptide isolated from comfrey root dose-dependently inhibited the release of prostaglandins PGE2, PGI2, 12-HETE and arachidonic acid. It inhibits the formation of malondialdehyde in human platelets ( Gracza et al., 1985), prostaglandin synthesis, and carrageenan- and gelatine-induced erythrocyte aggregation ( Gracza, 1987). Rosmarinic acid has been shown to possess antiinflammatory activity in various test systems. No clinical-pharmacokinetic investigation results in humans have been published so far on the absorption, distribution and elimination of the constituents of comfrey extracts. Allantoin and rosmarinic acid are probably of central importance to its pharmacodynamic effects ( Andres et al., 1989). However, the key activity-determining constituents of comfrey extracts and its molecular mechanisms of action have not been completely elucidated. Comfrey also stimulates granulation and tissue regeneration, and supports callus formation ( Kommission E, 1990a, 1990b). ![]() The therapeutic properties of comfrey are based on its antiinflammatory and analgesic effects. Special cultivars are also used ( Schmidt, 2008). Nowadays, only pyrrolizidine-depleted or pyrrolizidine-free extracts are used in proprietary medicinal products. and can be used as indicators of possible adulteration with other Symphytum species, such as S. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids echimidine and symlandine are not found in S. The total amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloids given by different authors varies from 0.013% to 1.2% based on the analytical methods used ( Tittel et al., 1979 Brauchli et al., 1982 Neidhardt, 1982 Stengl et al., 1982 Gracza et al., 1985 Vollmer et al., 1987 Mütterlein and Arnold, 1993). symphytoxide A), oleanolic acid ( Aftab et al., 1996) and lithospermic acid ( Wagner et al., 1970).Ĭomfrey root also consists of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necine ring structures, almost entirely in the form of their N-oxides, the main ones being 7-acetylintermedine and 7-acetyllycopsamine together with smaller amounts of intermedine, lycopsamine and symphytine ( Brauchli et al., 1982). The constituents of comfrey root include 0.6–4.7% allantoin ( Dennis et al., 1987) abundant mucilage polysaccharides (about 29%) composed of fructose and glucose units ( Franz, 1969) phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid (up to 0.2%), chlorogenic acid (0.012%) as well as caffeic acid (0.004%) and α-hydroxy caffeic acid ( Andres, 1991 Grabias and Swiatek, 1998 Teuscher et al., 2009) glycopeptides and amino acids ( Hiermann and Writzel, 1998) and triterpene saponins in the form of monodesmosidic and bidesmosidic glycosides based on the aglycones hederagenin (e.g. ![]() In addition, comfrey is described in the Hager Monographs ( Staiger, 2009). A European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy Monograph is available for comfrey root (Symphyti radix ESCOP, 2009). ![]() positively for the treatment of blunt injuries ( Kommission E, 1990a, 1990b). The German Commission E has assessed preparations containing Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey has also been used in veterinary medicine ( Rabinovich, 1981). Native Americans also recognized its healing powers and included comfrey in their therapeutic armamentarium ( Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975 Stammel, 1986). Commonly found throughout Europe and parts of Asia, the plant also naturalized in North America, where it rapidly spread. ![]() For centuries, comfrey has been used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints ( Kothmann, 2003 Englert et al., 2005). ![]()
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